{"id":210,"date":"2017-05-17T16:31:18","date_gmt":"2017-05-17T16:31:18","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/securitycurve.com\/?p=210"},"modified":"2017-05-17T16:31:18","modified_gmt":"2017-05-17T16:31:18","slug":"not-training-outcomes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/securitycurve.com\/?p=210","title":{"rendered":"Not training&#8230; outcomes"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"https:\/\/securitycurve.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Bobdobbs.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-211 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/securitycurve.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Bobdobbs-200x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" height=\"300\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 200px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 200\/300;\" \/><\/a>Today I came across an article from Harvard Business Review stating that\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/hbr.org\/2017\/05\/the-best-cybersecurity-investment-you-can-make-is-better-training\">&#8220;The Best Cybersecurity Investment You Can Make Is Better Training&#8221;<\/a>. \u00a0Is it? \u00a0Is it really? \u00a0The economic return of training &#8211; i.e. the value for money associated with security training (specifically awareness training) is an area that I&#8217;ve been interested in for a long time. \u00a0Specifically, because it tends not to work well as a means to attain certain types of outcomes. \u00a0I&#8217;ll explain that in a minute, but let me start with the article itself.<\/p>\n<p>The article\u00a0makes some good points and it&#8217;s worth a read. \u00a0If you don&#8217;t have time to read it though, the salient point I want to delve into is this:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>The fact is, cybersecurity training is vastly undercapitalized, and the lack of investment in quality cyber education programs is manifest in the sheer volume of breaches that continue to be rooted in human failure&#8230;\u00a0In short, there will be some investment required in enhancing personnel readiness. But it can be cost effective over time, particularly when compared to implementing cutting-edge cybersecurity technology that may become obsolete. To be clear, technology is a critical piece of the cybersecurity puzzle, but just as with a car containing all the latest safety technology, the best defense remains a well-trained driver.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>So, to be clear, let me start by saying that I agree with that&#8230; sort of. \u00a0Training absolutely is a critical component of a robust defense; it is also &#8220;woefully undercapitalized.&#8221; \u00a0Both true statements. \u00a0But is there a causal relationship between lack of training and breaches? \u00a0Are breaches a barometer of training efficacy? \u00a0I think we can say almost certainly that they aren&#8217;t. \u00a0Is training &#8211; on it&#8217;s own &#8211; &#8220;more effective&#8221; (or at least more economically efficient) than a technical control? \u00a0I think it depends on what you mean.<\/p>\n<p>My challenge with this though is that there are a few things implicit or presupposed here: 1) that the organization is effective at conducting certain specific kinds of training, 2) that the training itself is effective at accomplishing it&#8217;s goals, and 3) that there is a shift that occurs as a result of that training &#8211; specifically a shift in culture that self-reinforces after the training is complete. \u00a0In absence of any of these things, the training isn&#8217;t really a great investment. \u00a0Let me explain what I mean. Consider a problem like software defects in developed software. \u00a0What is the &#8220;best&#8221; strategy for attempting to improve that? \u00a0There are a few things you might investigate:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>deploying a static or dynamic application testing tool to help find issues in code<\/li>\n<li>deploying an application firewall to block issues before they can be exploited (i.e. the code is still buggy but now bad guys can&#8217;t poke at it)<\/li>\n<li>Train developers on secure development techniques (ideally with supporting guidance about what the secure coding techniques are and how to employ them)<\/li>\n<li>Make process adjustments to how code is developed, enforcing a security-aware lifecycle throughout the development process<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Which do you do? \u00a0Ideally, a blend of a few or all of them, right? \u00a0But what if you don&#8217;t have infinite money\u00a0&#8212; how do you prioritize such that you get maximum return for what investment you can make?It&#8217;s not always training that&#8217;s the optimal strategy to meet your goals. \u00a0At least not if it&#8217;s a time-bound, point in time exercise. \u00a0There are a few reasons why this is true: attrition\/turnover, changes to business processes, organizational changes, technology changes, etc. \u00a0Meaning, it&#8217;s not like you\u00a0invest in training today and Bob&#8217;s your uncle (not even &#8220;Bob&#8221; Dobbs)&#8230; \u00a0It&#8217;d be awesome if that was true, but really it isn&#8217;t.<\/p>\n<p>For the reasons above, training needs to repeat &#8211; probably with some regularity &#8211; to account for turnover, org changes, etc. \u00a0It also needs to evolve: you also\u00a0need to update it\u00a0to address changing conditions. \u00a0If you don&#8217;t believe it,\u00a0check out the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dwheeler.com\/secure-programs\/3.012\/Secure-Programs-HOWTO\/index.html\">secure programming guide from 2003<\/a>\u00a0compared to the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dwheeler.com\/secure-programs\/Secure-Programs-HOWTO\/index.html\">current version of that same guide<\/a>. \u00a0Notice anything different? \u00a0To be effective, it needs to be repeated (at a cost that tends to exceed the depreciation of a technical control) and it needs to stay current. \u00a0Any\u00a0value you derive from investing in a &#8220;point in time&#8221; training exercise decays over time &#8211; just the same way that the efficacy of a technical control decays over time through obsolescence (in fact, it&#8217;s faster). \u00a0Anybody who has done anti-phishing exercises at their organization knows this firsthand.<\/p>\n<p>The difference though is when the training is used to establish a self-reinforcing system or cultural shift. \u00a0It seems to me that&#8217;s what the authors of this article are describing. \u00a0Meaning, not a specific or isolated training event per se, but instead a campaign of training that leads to a specific cultural outcome and organizational mentality shift. \u00a0In other words, the authors are describing an <em>outcome <\/em>(the cultural shift that can happen as a result of training) and not the training itself. \u00a0Training is not an end; it&#8217;s a means to an end. \u00a0What end in particular? Specifically, a cultural and mental shift in an organization along with competence development among staff relative to certain types of events (specifically, security incidents.)<\/p>\n<p>The difference matters because, an outcome where the culture of the organization is different after some action is potentially self-reinforcing. \u00a0Meaning, \u00a0a culture of security and preparedness self-reinforces and tends to cause further decision-making of continual improvement. \u00a0But that&#8217;s not &#8220;training&#8221;&#8230; it&#8217;s a cultural shift; it&#8217;s own thing. \u00a0Can you accomplish a cultural shift with training alone? \u00a0Sure, maybe. \u00a0I wouldn&#8217;t try though. \u00a0I&#8217;d use a combination of training, process and procedures to support the model along with maybe some supporting technical controls that help to reinforce good behavior.<\/p>\n<p>In fact, there are numerous other ways to accomplish this outcome\u00a0beyond training. \u00a0Process adjustments, policy, tone at the top&#8230; even technical controls can play a role. So is training the &#8220;best investment you can make?&#8221; \u00a0Really, I don&#8217;t think it is. \u00a0The better choice might be investments in changing your culture &#8211; for exactly the reasons that the HBR folks describe.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Today I came across an article from Harvard Business Review stating that\u00a0&#8220;The Best Cybersecurity Investment You Can Make Is Better Training&#8221;. \u00a0Is it? \u00a0Is it really? \u00a0The economic return of training &#8211; i.e. the value for money associated with security training (specifically awareness training) is an area that I&#8217;ve been interested in for a long [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[13,45,120],"class_list":["post-210","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-security","tag-awareness","tag-economics","tag-training"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/securitycurve.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/210","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/securitycurve.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/securitycurve.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/securitycurve.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/securitycurve.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=210"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/securitycurve.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/210\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/securitycurve.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=210"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/securitycurve.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=210"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/securitycurve.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=210"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}